10-tom, 1-son, b. 410–413, Nashr: 2026-10-12

THE WAYS OF SEMANTIC CHANGE IN THE CONTEXT OF MODERN ENGLISH

ZAMONAVIY INGLIZ TILI KONTEKSTIDA SEMANTIK O‘ZGARISHLARNING NAMOYON BO‘LISH YO‘LLARI

СПОСОБЫ СЕМАНТИЧЕСКИХ ИЗМЕНЕНИЙ В КОНТЕКСТЕ СОВРЕМЕННОГО АНГЛИЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА

• Norimova Maftuna — English Teacher, Faculty of Social Sciences and Philology, Asia International University

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Annotatsiya

Semantic change is a central process in the development of vocabulary: words acquire new senses, lose earlier meanings, or extend their use to new social and communicative contexts. This article examines major mechanisms of semantic change in Modern English, focusing on metaphor, metonymy, euphemism, irony, broadening, narrowing, amelioration, pejoration and semantic bleaching. Particular attention is paid to the role of context in interpreting a word’s intended meaning and to the interaction between lexical meaning, pragmatic inference and social convention. The study uses a qualitative descriptive approach based on established works in historical semantics and illustrative English examples. The analysis shows that semantic change is not simply a replacement of one dictionary definition by another: it is a gradual process shaped by recurrent contextual uses, cognitive associations, communicative needs and the conventionalisation of new interpretations. The article concludes that context is both a source of innovation and an important condition for the stabilisation of new meanings.

Annotatsiya

Semantik o‘zgarish lug‘at tarkibining tarixiy rivojlanishidagi muhim jarayon bo‘lib, so‘zlarning yangi ma’nolar kasb etishi, avvalgi ma’nolarining zaiflashishi yoki yangi ijtimoiy-kommunikativ vaziyatlarda qo‘llanish doirasining kengayishi bilan tavsiflanadi. Maqolada zamonaviy ingliz tilidagi semantik o‘zgarishning asosiy mexanizmlari — metafora, metonimiya, evfemizm, ironiya, ma’no kengayishi, torayishi, yaxshilanishi, salbiylashuvi va semantik xiralashuv tahlil qilinadi. Tadqiqotda kontekstning so‘z ma’nosini aniqlashdagi o‘rni hamda leksik ma’no, pragmatik xulosa va ijtimoiy kelishuv o‘rtasidagi munosabat yoritiladi. Tahlil sifatida tavsifiy yondashuv va ilmiy adabiyotlarga tayangan misollar qo‘llanadi.

Аннотация

Семантическое изменение является одним из ключевых процессов развития лексики: слова приобретают новые значения, утрачивают прежние оттенки или расширяют сферу употребления в новых социальных и коммуникативных контекстах. В статье рассматриваются основные механизмы семантических изменений в современном английском языке: метафора, метонимия, эвфемизм, ирония, расширение и сужение значения, улучшение и ухудшение значения, а также семантическое ослабление. Особое внимание уделяется роли контекста в интерпретации значения слова и взаимодействию лексической семантики, прагматического вывода и языковой конвенции.

Kalit so'zlar: semantic change, semantic shift, context, metaphor, metonymy, broadening, narrowing, euphemism, pragmatics, Modern English

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